The Martian landscape has been observed since the first telescopes and the cause of its evident erosion features is the source of scientific speculation which is an early foray into the world of SciFi.
The Sands of Mars
August 4th
The Bible says that there was a world-wide flood, but failed science (SciPop) insists that there's no evidence of it. A world-wide flood would leave evidence, so where is it? It's the world-wide distribution of sedimentary rock.
Effect and Cause
Why are planetary orbits elliptical? We've considered this as an example of how to understand frame of reference, but Newton supposedly solved this problem mathematically in Principia Mathematica: