The Mass of the Earth

The mass of the Earth has never been directly measured. It's calculated using the radius of the Earth, the value of g we get from a ball drop experiment (acceleration due to gravity), and the gravitational constant, G.

The Bars of the Pit

"The bars of the pit" is a synonym for "the pillars of the earth." They're in the great gulf or "mega chasm" which is the region of Earth's interior which popular science (SciPop) calls the "liquid outer core."

Sheol

Cutaway of planet Earth showing the crust, mantle, great gulf and hell.

Sheol refers to life beyond the grave, quite literally an underworld realm of the dead. It's also modified in a variety of ways which can be grouped to correspond to the main regions of the interior of the Earth.

Global Warming

As the waters abated after Noah's flood there was significant global cooling which caused equatorial and polar glaciation. There were temperate zones in the Northern and Southern hemisphere.